HERBSPHERE
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Elderberry Extract – A Potential Aid for Avian Flu?
Elderberry Bloom (Sambucus nigra) – American Elders in Flower Photo: ‘Pollinator’ - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry Avian Flu has recently come to Europe and ever closer to the UK. It has also jumped from fowls to mammals lately abroad, so there is good reason to look for whatever may aid prevention and eradication of the virus should the H5N1 strain mutate to affect humans. This is not intended to alarm, but the bald fact is that it takes six months to prepare and produce a vaccine to protect against bird flu; added to which, the virus is changing and there is as yet no way of knowing which strain might become capable of human-to-human transmissions.1 Up to now avian flu has almost exclusively, but not quite, affected fowls; people have been infected only after close contact with sick birds. However, the virus has spread from 16 countries to around 37 in a period of about 4 months.2 This month it has appeared in Denmark, Switzerland, Poland, Serbia-Montenegro, Albania,3 a couple of sites in Afghanistan,4 as well as people-infected cases on the Caspian Sea coast of the Caucasus’ Azerbaijan, 5 and has been found in birds in Egypt and Israel.5A Therefore, until a vaccine can be prepared countries will be dependent upon ‘bird culling’ and traditional public health measures such as quarantine to contain and limit the spread. There are the normal hygiene precautions that can be taken against the annual flu epidemic that are good practices, such as frequent washing of hands, as flu is passed from hand to hand,6 or from hand to cup to mouth. Also the avoidance of large crowds and gatherings of people when a flu virus is declared to be in evidence, as well as staying at home if infected to avoid passing on the flu to others. This is good practice because if the avian flu virus should mutate to humans it is likely it would combine with a susceptible regular flu virus already extant and at work in a vulnerable human. As Swedish research has recommended, anti-influenza agents are not a substitution for but a complement to vaccination.7 As things stand: “Data from the World Health Organization’s Global Influenza Surveillance Network indicate that the H5N1 strains that have been circulating recently are susceptible to 2 neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs approved for use by the United States to treat human influenza infections: oseltamivir (sold as Tamiflu, available as capsules or an oral suspension) and zanamivir (sold as Relenza, only available in an inhaled form).8 Oseltamivir has been preferred over zanamivir because of its ease of oral administration. However, oseltamivir should be used judiciously, as the emergences of resistant variants have been reported.”9 Researchers found that in some Vietnamese patients during treatment resistance can emerge and recommended that the strategy for the treatment of influenza A (H5N1) virus infection should include additional antiviral agents.10 Hence the addition of the drug Relenza that has been combined with Tamiflu as ‘a treatment’ for avian flu where humans have directly contracted the virus from fowls. However, Relenza does not work for the common cold or virus infections other than influenza. Even this combined treatment is still ‘a treatment’ and not a cure, plus requiring that all subjects affected in any given area must be immediately treated against the virus when declared simultaneously. It is clear that until a vaccine against human avian flu is produced, when required, whatever aids the immune system that is naturally an avian influenza antiviral such as may be found in herbs and/or Food Medicine is worthy of consideration. Avian Flu and other Animals To date, a German cat was discovered to have died of ‘bird flu’, the first mammal found with the H5N1 virus in Central Europe, although scientists have known for at least two years that the feline species could catch the avian flu virus. Wild civet cats have also died after contracting the virus last year. In 2004, in Thailand, it was found in two domestic cats and a tiger that had been fed infected chicken carcasses in a Thai zoo were also killed by H5N1.11 With regard to pet-owners, the current thinking is that the only foreseeable problem, if living in a poultry-affected area that might arise for domestic cats (inclined to hunt and destroy sick birds), is they could come into contact with the virus in this manner. Although the risk is a reality, it is not considered great because in Western European countries people do not live in such close proximity with fowls as they do in Asia.12 However, should such a development occur, intimate contact between cats and their owners heightens the risk of transfer and potential mutation to humans.13 As yet, it has been said there is no call to panic: "The risk of your cat getting bird flu from a bird is small; the risk of your getting it from your cat is equally small. A small risk within a small risk is a very small risk."14 Also: “current strains of the virus appear to be really inefficient at infecting non-bird species.”15 It should also be noted that there have not been numerous deaths from the disease in domestic mammals in parts of the world where the avian flu virus is rife. The only other current report of a mammal contracting the virus has also came from Germany where, according to the Ministry of the State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, on the North German Island of Ruegen three cats were infected and a Stone Marten – a weasel-like animal.16 This is not so surprising as previous research published in October 2003 showed ferrets (Mustela furo) and domestic cats (Felis domesticus) were susceptible to SARS coronavirus (SCV) via transmission by infected animals to previously uninfected animals that were housed with them.17 Expert thinking has stated that it would take the H5N1 virus to mix with a regular human influenza strain to create a mutant form that was able to pass between humans to trigger a human flu pandemic.18 Avian flu has not arrived in the UK as yet, but the general consensus seems to be, if or when it does, ‘keep the cat indoors’– and don’t forget to bolt the cat-flap! Another point of which to take note is that back in 2004, the Thai Prime Minister urged his people not to panic and not to feed their pets uncooked chicken meat.19 As it is so obvious that the avian flu virus requires mutating before a vaccine can be made to aid affected humans, it does become increasingly apparent that it is ‘good thinking’ to look for natural practical alternatives to help the immune system. After all, Tamiflu itself is derived from the herb ‘Star Anise’ (Illicum verum: Illicum anisatum), i.e. the source of shikimic acid from which Tamiflu is made.20 At one stage it was said it would take 12 months for production of the drug [from Star Anise crops] and could take 2 years to fulfill Britain’s order for 14.6 million Tamiflu five-day courses of treatment.21 We already know that eating ‘Kimchi’ may assist: (See Herbsphere article ‘Avian Flu is in the Soup’). To that end, the good news is ‘Sambucol’, an Elderberry extract, is another potential aid currently undergoing further research. Sambucol is a patented natural formula which contains a potent antiviral compound, AntiVirin, isolated from the black elderberry, and three flavonoids (natural plant antioxidants). Sambucol – Elderberry Extract Elderberry is powerful stuff. Previously, in 1995, Israeli ‘in vitro’ research on ‘Sambucol’ (Elderberry extract): “reduced hemagglutination (agglutination22A of red blood cells) and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses type A/Shangdong 9/93 (H3N2), A/Beijing 32/92 (H3N2), A/Texas 36/91 (H1N1), A/Singapore 6/86 (H1N1), type B/Panama 45/90, B/Yamagata 16/88, B/Ann Arbor 1/86, and of animal strains from Northern European swine and turkeys, A/Sw/Ger 2/81, A/Tur/Ger 3/91, and A/Sw/Ger 8533/91 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.”22 Furthermore, “A placebo-controlled, double blind study was carried out on a group of individuals living in an agricultural community (kibbutz) during an outbreak of influenza B/Panama in 1993.”23 Results showed: “Fever, feeling of improvement, and complete cure was recorded during 6 days. Sera obtained in the acute and convalescent phases were tested for the presence of antibodies to influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial,23A and adenoviruses.”23B It was also shown: “in the convalescent phase serologies higher mean and mean geometric hemagglutination inhibition tiers to influenza B in the group treated with Sambucol than in the control group. A significant improvement of the symptoms, including fever was seen in 93.3% of the cases in the Sambucol-treated group within 2 days, whereas in the control group 91.7% of the patients showed an improvement within 6 days.” The period of suffering influenza symptoms was far less time-wise. Plus: “A complete cure was achieved within 2 to 3 days in nearly 90% of the Sambucol-treated group and within at least 6 days in the placebo group.” Bearing in mind that: “No satisfactory medication to cure influenza type A and B is available [and] considering the efficacy of the extract ‘in vitro’ on all strains of influenza strains tests, the clinical results, its low cost, and absence of side-effects, this preparation could offer a possibility for safe treatment for influenza A and B.”23 & 31 This was indeed buoyant research on what promised to produce a powerful antidote to various strains of flu.
Mexican Elderberry (Sambuca nigra ssp. canadensis) Photo Location: Yolo County, California, US - 11.9.2004 Photographer: Copyright © 2004 Tom Greer The Elder tree has a long history of medicinal use, particularly in England, and has been called ‘Nature’s medicine chest’. Some aficionados still use it to make elderberry wine24 and pies25. The flowers cleaned, bunched and dipped it a light Tempura batter26 make an interesting gourmet accompaniment to steak. While culinary use of elderberry is perhaps both interesting and novel to the modern cook, its medicinal value is what is currently more sought after. Elderberry was first referred to as a healing agent in the 5th century BC and received mentions in the writings of Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Pliny. Elderberry has been used as a medicinal, cosmetic and culinary plant for centuries. Medicinally it acts upon the body as an emetic (to induce vomiting), a cathartic (purgative or laxative) and gentle stimulant. The flowers have diaphoretic (perspiration inducing), diuretic (increasing urine flow), alternative (fights various infections), emollient (softening soothing effect when applied to the skin) and discutient (decongestive or ability to get rid of or disperse morbid matter) properties. Down the ages it has been used traditionally to relieve pain, inflammation, water retention and congestion. All parts of the elderberry tree, including the bark, flowers and leaves have been used in herbal medicine. Modern research studies have also found elderberry potentially effective in treating other diseases and viral infections, including herpes31 and HIV,27 i.e. several HIV patients have offered anecdotal reports in which they attribute significant viral load reductions to taking elderberry extract. It was concluded from 2002 research that Sambucol could have “immuno-stimulatory properties when administered to patients suffering from influenza, or immuno-depressed cancer or AIDS patients who are receiving chemotherapy or other treatments.”28 Also, the combination herbal product Sinupret containing elder flowers, has been used to treat bronchitis. In fact, elder flowers have been used to treat sinusitis in Germany for over 70 years. Laboratory studies have shown elderberry reduces excessive sinus mucous secretion, some also suggest that elderberry can help lessen swelling of mucous membranes, improve sinus drainage and decreased nasal congestion in those with bacterial sinusitis.29 A scientific review in May of last year concluded that: “Understanding of the pharmacological profile of Sinupret supports the knowledge about the clinical efficacy of this herbal medicinal product.30 We should not, therefore, be too surprised at elderberries’ latest research results, because it is well-known in herbal medicine to be one of the most effective herbs for preventing and treating upper respiratory infections. In 2004, in a clinical trial and multicentre study, “sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway. Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo.”31 Although Elderberry extract seemed to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza, it was suggested that the findings need to be confirmed in a larger study. However, the latest announcement concerning Sambucol (elderberry extract) reveals that world-renowned Israeli virologist Dr. Madeleine Mumcuoglu, a lady who has turned a lifetime of research into a clinically proven treatment for regular flu, has found that Sambucol is at least 99% effective against avian flu virus (H5N1), and in cell cultures significantly neutralized the infectivity of the virus32 taken from a strain isolated in Turkey.32A The announcement was made during the International Conference on Bird Flu: “The First Pandemic of the 21st Century. A Central Role for Antivirals” held at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK, 19th-20th January 2006. ‘Retroscreen Virology” is the scientific institution that held the experiments, a leading British medical research institute and associated to Queen Mary College, University of London33 The research work was done by Dr. John Oxford, a reputable specialist in flu.33A Because this is a preliminary study, which is part of a larger bigger project, as such its results are not yet published in the scientific press. Dr. Mumcuoglu told ISRAEL21c., a non profit organization giving up-to-date news on health, technology, democracy and global ties in Israel: “To my knowledge, it’s the only product that can cut the flu in half, before complications have a chance of setting in. If we do have a cure for chicken flu, this is a really positive thing for Israel.”34 This is now in the nick of time, as avian flu has just been confirmed in Israel. The difficulty to conduct clinical research into the virus is that it is not possible at this stage, i.e. there have only been about 140 cases that have had the virus directly from fowls around the world. It may be too early to know if Sambucol can cure avian flu in humans, but more research is needed with alacrity - like yesterday! As an alternative, the company is preparing to begin ‘in vivo‘ studies to look at the effect of Sambucol against the disease caused by the avian influenza virus.35 An advantage of Sambucol is that is can treat every type of flu virus and its consistency. Dr. Mumcuoglu has said: “Our research has shown that the antiviral effect of Sambucol is not strain-specific. It was effective against all influenza viruses tested. The original formula of Sambucol is the product we have tested in all cases – both in the laboratory and in clinical studies for the common flu. It is what was also used in recent experiments in London against the avian influenza virus, thus any Sambucol already on the market is the same as any we would produce now.”36 Another reason why Sambucol’s potential deserves all the help it can get to develop is that it not only has no side-effects but, unlike the antiviral drug Tamiflu which is used to reduce the length and severity of flu symptoms, Sambucol can be given safely to children whereas Tamiflu cannot be administered to children under twelve years old.37 With some modesty, Dr. Mumcuoglu has said: “Elderberry has been known from the beginning of time. What people didn’t know is what the active ingredient is, how to keep it intact and how to formulate to keep it active.”38 The next round of trials into Sambucol’s efficacy as a treatment for bird flu are likely to be completed during the year.39 We can only hope in the interim period that firstly, it is successful and secondly, if human-to-human transmission of a strain of the virus does mutate to humans Elderberry’s potential as a medicine to aid such a flu development will have sufficient funding and access to be fully researched sooner rather than later.
References: 1. ‘Bird flu shot requires 6-month production.’ by Kevin Freking, Associated Press Writer, 13th March 2006. 2. Ibid. 3. ‘Dead Hen Bird Flu Tests Negative.’ BBC News Online 16th March 2006. 4. ‘U.N.: Bird flu found in 2 Afghan sites.’ Associated Press, Kabul, Afghanistan, 13th March 2006. 5. ‘Azerbaijan reports 3 dead from bird flu.’ by Aye Aye Win, Associated Press Writer, 14th March 2006. 5A. ‘Israel confirms first outbreak of bird flu.’ by Ramit Plushnick-Masti, Associated Press Writer 19th March 2006. 6. ‘The impact of a health campaign on hand hygiene and upper respiratory illness among college students living in residence halls.’ White C, et al. Department of Communication, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA. Erratum in: J Am Coll Health, July-Aug 2005. J Am Coll Health 2005 Jan-Feb; 53(4):175-81. & ‘Hand washing decreases risk of colds and flu.’ Carter JM. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002 Feb; 94(2): A11. 7. [Antiviral agents in influenza--current recommendations. Anti-influenza agents are not a substitution for but a complement to vaccination] [Article in Swedish] Uhnoo I, Linde A. Infektionskliniken, Akademiska sjukhuset, avdelningen for klinik och preklinik 1, Lakemedelsverket, Uppsala. Lakartidningen 2005 Dec 5-11; 102(49):3802-3, 3805-6, 3808. 8. Does Relenza Work for the Treatment of "Bird Flu"?
Response from Laurie L. Briceland,
PharmD Professor and
Director Experiential Education, Department of
Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, New York. Neuraminidase inhibitors: A class of antiviral drugs whose mode of action relies on blocking the function of viral neuraminidase protein, thus preventing the virus from budding from the host cell. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir belong to this class. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitor Budding: A new organism is formed by the protrusion of a part of another organism. When yeast buds, one cell becomes two cells. This is an example of reproduction very common in plants, but may be found in animal organisms, such as the hydra. Usually the protrusion stays attached to the primary organism for a while before becoming free. The new organism is naturally genetically identical to the primary one (a clone). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budding 9. ‘Further reports of Tamiflu resistance in avian flu virus pending: expert.’ By Helen Branswell Canadian Press 15th October, 2005. http://www.canada.com/health/story.html?id=bd866740-2f4f-42d0-a327-6f7bddbe3227 10. ‘Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection.’ deJong MD, et al. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Comment in N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22; 353(25): 2633-6. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22; 353(25):2667-72. 11. ‘Bird flu: Are pet cats at risk?’ by Henri Astier BBC News Online 1st March 2006. 12. ‘Avian H5N1 influenza in cats.’ Keuiken T, et al. Dept. of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Science 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):241. Epub 2004 Sep 2. & ‘Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts.’ Rimmelzwann G F, et al. Dept. of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Am J Pathol. 2006 Jan; 168(1):176-83; quiz 364. 13. ‘Bird flu: Are pet cats at risk?’ by Henri Astier BBC News Online 1st March 2006. Quote: Dr. Paul Hunter, Professor of Health Protection at the University of East Anglia, UK. 14. ‘Bird flu: Are pet cats at risk?’ by Henri Astier BBC News Online 1st March 2006. Quote: Frieda Scot-Park, Head of the British Veterinary Association. 15. ‘Bird flu found in stone marten in Germany.’ By David McHugh, Associated Press Writer (Berlin AP) 10th March 2006. 16. ‘Virology: SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets.’ Byron E. E, et al. Institute of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands & Malik Peiris, J. S. Department of Microbiology and Pathology, & Queen Mary Hospital, SAR Hong Kong, China & Wilnia Lim and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus. Government Virus Unit, Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, SAR Hong Kong, China. Nature 425, 915 (30 October 2003) | doi: 10.1038/425915a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6961/abs/425915a.html;jsessionid=1A3FE3246A217BBD39E64470BB5747A5 17. ‘Bird flu in cats ‘no new threat’. BBC News Online 20th February, 2004. World Health Organization. 18. Ibid. Quote: Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. 19. ‘Pandemic warnings spark rush for bird flu drug.’ Swissinfo.com 8th June 2005. http://www.mimico-by-the-lake.com/NEWS207.HTM 20. ’Why an exotic fruit is the world’s only weapon against bird flu.’ by Jeremy Laurance, Health Editor, 16th October 2005 Pub. 15th October 2005. http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/article319716.ece ‘Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid.’ Kramer M, et al. DSM Biotech GmbH, Karl-Heinz-Beckurts-Strasse 13, D-52428 Julich, Germany. Metab Eng. 2003 Oct;5(4):277-83. “Shikimic acid is a high valued compound used as a key starting material for the synthesis of the neuramidase inhibitor GS4104, which was developed under the name Tamiflu for treatment of antiviral infections.” & ‘Antimicrobial properties of star anise (Illicium verum Hook f). De M, et al. Dept. of Biochemistry, Uv. College of Science, Calcutta, India. Phytother Res. 2002 Feb; 16(1):94-5. “Star anise (Illicium verum Hook f) has been shown to possess potent antimicrobial properties.” [Determination of shikimic acid in fruit of Illiciaceae plants by HPLC with diode-array detection] [Article in Chinese] Wang XQ, et al. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2001 Jul;26(7):447-9. ‘The neuraminidase inhibitor GS4104 (oseltamivir phosphate) is efficacious against A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and A/Hong Kong/1074/99 (H9N2) influenza viruses.’ Leneva IA, et al. Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, PO Box 318, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA. Antiviral Res. 2000 Nov;48(2):101-15. 21. ‘Pandemic warnings spark rush for bird flu drug.’ Swissinfo.com 8th June 2005. http://www.mimico-by-the-lake.com/NEWS207.HTM 22. ‘Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama.’ Zakay-Rones Z, et al. Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. J Altern Complement Med. 1995 winter; 1(4):361-9. 22A. Agglutination: the clumping of particles. This is usually due to an antibody or other molecule binding with multiple particles, and joining them. Agglutination is commonly used as a method of identifying specific bacterial antigens, and in turn, the identity of such bacteria. 23. ‘Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama.’ Zakay-Rones Z, et al. Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. J Altern Complement Med. 1995 Winter; 1(4):361-9. 23A. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: This RNA virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and is a major pathogen in the upper and lower respiratory tract in both infants and younger children. Manifestations of the virus include bronchiolitis, pneumonia and croup. 23B. Adenoviruses: Any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye. 24. Elderberry Wines: Two recipes - http://winemaking.jackkeller.net/reques30.asp 25. Elderberry Pie & other Elderberry recipes: http://www.patch-work.demon.co.uk/elder.htm#N 26. Tempura Batter #2 recipe: http://www.fishermansexpress.com/tempura-batter.html 27. ‘Anecdotal reports: elderberry extract plus chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate and Thy-mate reduces viral load to non-detectable levels in 10 days. [No Authors listed] Posit Health News. 1998 Fall;(No 17):7-11. 28. ‘The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.’ Barak V, et al. Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Department of Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002; 4(11 Suppl): 919-22 [Comment in: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Nov; 4(11 Suppl):944-6. ] 29. Elderberry sinusitis: http://www.vitaminstuff.com/herbs-elderberry.html 30. ‘[Pharmacology of Sinupret. Recent results on the rational for the Sinupret compound] [Article in German] Ismail C. Bionorica AG, Neumarkt. HNO. 2005 May; 53 Suppl 1:S38-42. 31. ‘Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.’ Zakay-Rones Z, et al. Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. J Intel Med Res. 2004 Mar-Apr; 32(2):132-40. 32. ’Study shows Israeli Elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ 21st February, 2006. http://www.althealth.co.uk/services/news/article.php?id=1856 32A. ‘Study shows Israeli elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ Israel21c^ 25th January, 2006, Nicky Blackburn. Posted 26.1.2006 by Nick Carraway. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1565907/posts 33. ’Study shows Israeli Elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ 21st February, 2006. http://www.althealth.co.uk/services/news/article.php?id=1856 33A. ‘Sambucol fights bird flu virus in lab.’ by Dominique Patton, 26th January, 2006. http://www.nutraingedients.com/news/nq.asp?n=65394-razei-bar-sambucol-bird-flu 34. ’Study shows Israeli Elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ 21st February, 2006. http://www.althealth.co.uk/services/news/article.php?id=1856 35. Ibid. 36. ‘Study shows Israeli elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ Israel21c^ 25th January, 2006, Nicky Blackburn. Posted 26.1.2006 by Nick Carraway. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1565907/posts 37. Ibid. 38. ‘Sambucol fights bird flu virus in lab.’ by Dominique Patton, 26th January, 2006. http://www.nutraingedients.com/news/nq.asp?n=65394-razei-bar-sambucol-bird-flu 39. ‘Study shows Israeli elderberry extract effective against avian flu.’ Israel21c^ 25th January, 2006, Nicky Blackburn. Posted 26.1.2006 by Nick Carraway. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1565907/posts |
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