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Music Therapy for the Modern World
Women playing harp while the Sassanid kind is hunting, Taq-e Bostan, Iran.1 “Music is the harmonious voice of creation: an echo of the invisible world.” 2 The Sounds of Music There are innumerable sounds on Earth and many kinds of music. The songs of Nature’s elements are what some of us best like to hear. The instrument of the wind creates sounds of melodious music; softly soughing in the trees, the whispers of dry leaves yet to drop, the fallen leaves rustling across the ground, the medium that jingles wind chimes. Or else, in a high wind the ego of man may feel humbled by the wind’s thunderous roar and powerful fury in a storm, hearing it crackling through the branches of trees, stripping them of their leaves, or seeing it whip the tops of waves into foam on a sea threatening to engulf and eradicate man’s puny spaces on the face of mother Earth. The instrument of water plays a tune when gently pitter-pattering as rain on the roof that may give the feeling of safety to be within doors. Tinkling ‘airs’ of water running through a babbling brook are well-known to be relaxing and to create a feeling of tranquillity. Equally water too can show its almighty force, as when the loud vibration of a giant waterfall such as Niagara Falls deafens the ears to all other sounds. “There is pleasure in the pathless woods, there is rapture in the lonely shore, there is society where none intrudes, by the deep sea, and music is its roar; I love not Man the less, but Nature more.” 3 The prodigious music of the elements may not strictly conform to a definition of what music is: ‘an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner’, nevertheless it is the first form of music that man would have heard from the time of his creation and conforms to what sound is i.e. sound4 is vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing and commonly means the vibrations that travel through air and can be heard by humans. Noise is but unwanted sound, but what noise is or represents depends on your point of view. However, it is inescapably noticeable in our post-modern age that people, the young in particular, seem almost afraid of what is termed the ‘sound of silence’. There is almost a need to make noise created by fear of silence, which may also mean people become oblivious to the music of Nature, which sings so many different songs. Although ‘noise’ is a matter of opinion, much of the time our urban din appears to mar the ability to appreciate Nature’s music, for “after silence that which comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music,”5 or as Victor Hugo said: “music expresses that which cannot be said and on which it is impossible to be silent”. 6 These days there is little chance of hearing the forerunner of ‘silence’. There are now much unwanted agitating sounds, or noise, spreading through our lives that daily permeates our consciousness, constantly disturbing any sense of ‘peace’, such as others’ mobile ring-tones. Where has the healing sound of the music of the spheres gone? 7 Where is the music that Thomas Carlyle stated “ … is well said to be the speech of angels,”8, the music that “… is Love in search of a word”? 9 These days, amidst the fast-track pandemonium of our busy lives, we are most likely to find harmonious healing sounds in ‘music therapy’, when we are ill and have no option but to be still, to ‘stop and stare’. 10 Music Therapy Music is more than Shakespeare’s “… food of love …”. It is the therapeutic use of music and musical activities in the treatment of somatic and mental diseases, which re-emergence in the last few decades has developed from a quasi-professional field into an increasingly evidence-based treatment for various diseases. Music therapy is widely used to enhance well-being, reduce stress, and distract patients from unpleasant symptoms. Although there are wide variations in individual preferences, music appears to exert direct physiologic effects through the autonomic nervous system.11 Or put another way, “Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life.”12 Music therapy is not new, it’s as old as the hills; it has just missed the acceptable contemporary publicity beat for several centuries and endured scientific scepticism for a very long time in the Western world. The ancients may not have expressed the affects of music as Vibrational Medicine, but that is what it is - “Music can name the unnameable and communicate the unknowable”. 13 Whilst it must be said that it was Democritus 14 of ancient Greece who discovered the atom 430BC and declared it to be the simplest unit of matter, and that all matter was atoms, so as each atom of our being (the body) oscillates, the vibrations of music influence each atom at an atomic then molecular level, and hence the ‘whole’. Much of the influence of music cannot yet be measured, so until it can be quantified in some way to the scientist it doesn’t exist, but as Beethoven put it: “Music – [is] the one incorporeal entrance into the higher world of knowledge that comprehends mankind but which mankind cannot comprehend.”15 And so the gift of hearing translates the subtler healing sounds of music to the brain. Musical Instruments and Disease To give some idea of just how old music therapy is and for how long it may have been used and recognized, one of today’s healing instruments is the harp, which origins it is said may lie in the sound of a plucked hunter’s bow string Millennia ago, 16 the oldest documented references to the harp are from 4000BC in Egypt and 3000BC in Mesopotamia.17 Ancient Egyptian musicians are known to have played string, wind and percussion instruments very early on; harps and flutes c.4000BC, double clarinets and lyres around 32500BC and percussion was added by 2000BC.18 In biblical times, King David, played the harp or ‘kinnor’, a type of 10-stringed lyre. This kind of ‘folk harp’ continued to evolve in many different cultures all over the world and may have developed independently in some places.19 The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates of Cos (c.460BC-c.377BC), the ‘Father of Western Medicine’, was not only the first to use salicylic acid as a medicine,20 we know that he also laid the foundations of medicine as a branch of science. He is connected to some degree with the cult of Asclepius, 21 whose most famous sanctuary was in Epidaurus in the North-eastern Pelopnnese, but there was another ‘asclepieion’ on the island of Cos where Hippocrates it is also said may have begun his career. The Asclepieum of Pergamon, 22 now called Bergama in Turkey, a city dating from 399BC, was also a famous health centre where methods of treatment included blood transfusions, meditation and music therapy. In keeping with Hippocrates’ views, these healing centres were usually built beside a fresh water stream lined with trees; much of the therapy was conducted in the clean, sunny, open air. The Elizabethans also knew a thing or two, or our genius English writer and natural humanistic psychologist William Shakespeare most certainly did.22A To stay as well as possible it is apt to take his advice: “Take a music bath once or twice a week for a few seasons and you will find that it is to the soul what the water-bath is to the body.” Currently, an American study in March 2006 on the clinical effects of music therapy in palliative medicine was executed to objectively assess the effect of music therapy on patients with advanced disease. A significant addition to the quantitative literature on music therapy, in this unique patient population the results suggested that music therapy is invaluable in palliative medicine.23 In January of this year, some of music therapy’s bow-strings caught up with the present when it was announced that cancer patients at the Velindre Cancer Centre in Cardiff will be played soothing harp music by Bethan Hughes, a trained harp-therapist, as they receive their chemotherapy.24 She has worked in hospitals and hospices in the United States and is also working with troops from the armed forces who are suffering from post-traumatic stress in order to ease their symptoms. It is important to note that harp therapists have to be specifically trained. Not even a solely classically trained harpist will do, with harp therapy the performer has to be trained in many aspects, such as vibration frequency, resonance tones, and the medical and physical side of the strings and vibrations levels of the harp.25 In a clinical trial (spring 2006), the harp was also a firm choice in ‘music thanatology’, 26 which represents an emerging area in which the raw materials of music, usually harp and/or voice, assist and comfort the dying.27 The harp is a beautiful instrument and is perhaps the best string instrument to closest emulate Nature’s own musical sounds, so it is not surprising that it is a sound choice of the very ill, terminally sick, and the dying. Harp music, above all others, is the chosen music of several cultures. In September 2000, researchers found that, in employing music therapy for pain relief, 28 although each of groups of patients chose other kinds of music, the majority of Caucasians frequently chose orchestra music, African Americans chose jazz and Taiwanese chose harp music. In order to deliver congruent care for a mixed cultures society, it showed that nurses should become aware of cultural differences in music preference for it to be expected to have a therapeutic effect.29 However, in China about the same period 2004, researchers wanting to identify individual musical preferences in the elderly found that, although Chinese orchestral music was the preferred choice, this was followed by harp, piano, synthesizer, orchestral, and finally slow jazz.30 The findings suggested that soothing music selections really do have beneficial effects on relaxation in community-residing elderly people.31 In an earlier clinical randomized controlled trial by American scientists, in 1998, following the reports on the helpfulness of music for pain sensation and distress in post-operative surgical patients, it was found that more chose harp music, fewer chose jazz, and some would prefer Buddhist hymns (the voice) or popular songs heard in Taiwan to ameliorate their post-operative pain, in addition to analgesic medication.32 So for music therapy to reach its zenith of effectiveness, the right choice of music or instrument is vitally important. Music Therapy for Back Pain and Arthritis We have to thank Complementary Medicine for the re-introduction of music-therapy into medicine, because it has many applications for painful conditions and diseases. In a randomized controlled trial in France last year, the results confirmed music therapy’s effectiveness for hospitalized patients with chronic low back pain. They stated that it was a useful complementary treatment in chronic pain and associated anxiety-depression and behavioural consequences.33 The latter factors are also important, because should a person lose their ability to work, their very livelihood, through such a painful prevalent disability, and thereby inherit many other distressing circumstances such as financial worries as a result, all forms of therapy which help to alleviate the psychological fallout of that infirmity are welcome. Music therapy can also aid in painful or anxiety-causing medical investigations and procedures. A couple of years ago, Japanese scientists measured samples of saliva, obtained before and after coloscopy for cortisol levels, plus patients were asked to rate their maximum pain during the procedure. It was found that patients who listened to music during colonoscopy tended to have lower pain scores and their salivary cortisol levels increased significantly less, which results demonstrated that ‘the music’ markedly reduced fear-related stress.34 That’s good news for anybody about to undergo an investigative procedure about which there is cause for anxiety. Rheumatism and arthritis can also be helped by music therapy. Back in December 2003, U.S. Florida scientists examined the influence of music as a nursing intervention on osteoarthritis pain in older people, as osteoarthritis chronic pain in elders presents a significant obstacle in maintaining function and independence.35 They were well aware that previous studies showed that music can improve motivation, elevate mood, and increase feelings of control in older people. According to their findings, listening to music was an effective nursing intervention for the reduction of chronic pain in the community-dwelling elders in the study.36 Of the 68 subjects who took part in the clinical, randomized, controlled trial – half spent two weeks listening to music for 20 minutes a day and the others spent 20 minutes sitting quietly. The researchers found that just a 20-minute session once a day was enough for patients to report a two-thirds reduction in pain levels; the therapy could indeed substantially help ease the pain. Lead researcher Professor Ruth McCaffrey, from Florida Atlantic University College of Nursing, said: “The group who listened to the music experienced a significant decrease in pain, with the amount of natural pain relief increasing over the 14-day listening period. This is because music is thought to release endorphins, which reduce pain, decrease blood pressure, the heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption.”37 She added, it was also an ideal therapy for use in community settings, including the patient’s own home.38 However, not everyone this side of the Herring Pond was convinced by the 66+% claim for pain relief. A spokeswoman for the Arthritis Research Campaign said: “Music can be very soothing and relaxing, and may take your mind off your pain for a little while. As a coping strategy music may have its place, along with the likes of relaxation and aromatherapy. However, to suggest that it can reduce the pain of osteoarthritis by 50% stretches credulity a little and should not be taken terribly seriously.” 39 Well, given that perhaps the research was not totally perfect, a likely response to that level of skepticism by sufferers could well be that even 33% of pain relief is worth the non-effort of sitting and listening to pleasant soothing music for 20 minutes a day! “Try it, you’ll like it!” In 2001, one American researcher went one step closer for arthritic sufferers to get ‘good vibrations’ first hand. In a small case study of four older adults, the purpose was to examine the effects of keyboard playing on the management of hand osteoarthritis.40 Apart from the fun of maybe learning to do something new and using brain/body co-ordination, this was a serious piece of research. The four participants, diagnosed with hand osteoarthritis, met the investigator 4 days a week, for approximately 30minutes for 4 weeks.41 They played folk and big band melodies for 20 minutes at each session.42 Participants enjoyed the treatment and there were additional benefits, which included improved structure of leisure time and increased socialization for older adults who tend to isolate themselves due to disease deterioration. Results indicated that ‘finger pinch meter’ and range of motion were positively increased by keyboard playing. Two of the participants recorded significant decreases in arthritic discomfort after playing, while three showed significant improvement in finger speed and hence, finger strength/dexterity due to treatment43 - not a bad result for indulging in a fun time. More research results are in the pipeline. At the end of last month, it was announced that US researchers tested the effect of music on 60 patients who had endured years of chronic pain.44 The study participants were recruited form pain and chiropractic clinics and had been suffering from conditions such as osteoarthritis, disc problems and rheumatoid arthritis for an average of six-and-a-half years. Most were affected in more than one part of their body, and pain was continuous.45 Within the parameters of the study, those who listened to music reported a cut in pain levels up to 21%, and in associated depression of up to 25%, compared with those who did not listen.46 A researcher said: “Our results show that listening to music had a statistically significant effect on the two experimental groups, reducing pain, depression and disability and increasing feelings of power. Non-malignant pain remains a major health problem and suffers continue to report high levels of unrelieved pain despite using medication. So anything that can provide relief is to be welcomed.”47 Hear, hear! In the light of recent research and concerns regarding drugs used for arthritic pain that may increase the risk of heart attack, if music therapy can cut down the amount of medication taken for pain relief, that’s got to be good news, because the ‘bad news’ is that drugs used to quell the pain, such as long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories like Ibuprofen and Diclofenac, and ill-effects from the newer COX-2 drugs48 are right in the middle of the medication for arthritic pain ‘spotlight’. Some other uses of Music Therapy From the above study and a host of others, it is clear enough that listening to music can promote a number of positive benefits and adds to the growing body of evidence that music therapy has a role to play in modern healthcare. Even if music simply has an impact on our perception of pain, in the psyche-to-soma sense it is likely to be effective. At least the medical profession are starting to think outside the box. For example, a previous piece of research found listening to soft music for 45 minutes before going to bed can improve sleep by more than a third (33%).49 Nor are music therapy applications in any way a domain of the elderly. This month Israeli research has shown that ‘background’ music stimulation provides significant benefits to pre-term infants.50 Although live music therapy had no significant effect on physiological and behavioural parameters during the 30-minute therapy; at the 30-minute interval after the therapy ended it significantly reduced heart rate and improved the behavioural score. Recorded music did not hit the spot.51 The infants also have a rather touching and helpful Christopher Robin playmate in ‘Roo’, which has also contributed to a multi-centre, randomized controlled trial to investigate the influences of music during kangaroo care on maternal anxiety and pre-term infants’ responses, on the combination of music and kangaroo care on psycho-physiological responses in mother-infant. It was found that the treatment group had more occurrences of quiet sleep states and less crying (now we know kangaroos cry!). Music also resulted in maternal states anxiety improving daily, indicating a cumulative dose effect.52 The harp appears to be one of the most effective instruments in music therapy, but not all efficient musical instruments are about ‘strings’; flute music can also be very beautiful and healing. It may come as a surprise to know that regular didgeridoo playing, a wind instrument from the land of Oz, is an effective treatment alternative well accepted by patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.53 At least one non-aboriginal Australian therapist comes to mind who combines didgeridoo playing with other therapies, and who has been using the didgeridoo’s vibrations to help heal his clients for a couple of decades. Although research on music therapy does not hit the headlines every day, there is upward of 1,000 research papers on the topic, which cannot all be referred to here – it would take a thesis to encompass the subject. However, results show that it is an effective intervention for patients with chronic pain, children with migraine, and patients suffering from chronic tinnitus.54 Music therapy goes straight to the heart too. Cardiac surgery is accompanied by post-operative pain and anxiety. The use of music therapy has been shown to reduce pain, anxiety, and physiological parameters in patients having surgical procedures.55 It is also useful for patients undergoing hemodialysis. For as a nursing intervention music has been found to contribute to the improvement of quality of life by reducing anxiety and depression.56 The sporty ones among you might like to know that music can also boost performance. In a study last year, it was suggested by Dr Costas Karageorghis, of Brunel University, that if you want to get the most out of your fitness regime, the type of music you listen to while exercising, i.e. listening to the right songs before and during training, makes up to 20% difference to performance.57 It was concluded that music programmes that are prescribed to accompany exercise should be varied in terms of musical idiom and date of release and the music chosen should have a strong rhythmical component. He said: “It’s no secret that music inspires superior performance. The sound of ‘Swing Low Sweet Chariot’ reverberating around a rugby stadium is an example of how music can provide great inspiration and instil pride in the players. However, our recent research shows that there’s no definite play list for today’s gym-goers or tomorrow’s sporting heroes. Songs are particular to an individual – they are not prescriptive. So it’s up to the individual to select songs that drive them and inspire them. If you go into the dressing room of any premiership league football club on a Saturday afternoon you will certainly see the players in there listening to music to psyche them up and get them ready for the performance.”58 Percussion for some is not without its charms. Eons ago Persian Sufi music was used for healing purposes. The ‘daf’ (Persian frame drum), which is considered a spiritual instrument, or similar drums are played in countries such as the ‘daf’ India, ‘tef’ in Turkey, ‘duf’ in Arabic countries and ‘dap’ in Uyghuristan of China.59 This area of music also has a vast historical reference that the reader may like to investigate independently. It is hard to believe that applications of music therapy to all the various conditions and diseases for which it has been used, and far from all are enumerated here, that music therapy aid can be put down to our perceptions of pain alone. If, as has been suggested, ‘the perception of pain is very complicated, and is influenced by factors such as emotion, experience and mood’, 60 then music therapy ticks a lot of boxes. Imagine trying to view the film ‘E.T.’ without the music; you would probably laugh at him looking like an ugly lump of rubber and have little or no empathy and compassion for his plight at all. Music orchestrates the emotions and they are part of ‘mood’. Emotions are ‘strong feelings’ and ‘mood’, a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling, can be influenced by emotions. So, if music can alter mood in a good way that popping a painkiller can’t, then it’s a very good and helpful analgesic option requiring more medical professional ‘awareness‘ and proliferation of its use. Music has soothed the souls of human beings down the ages, and we know it has also helped people recover from ailments since ancient times. Now, there is a widespread interest in the use of ‘music therapy’ in treating psychiatric disorders as well as those of the body.61 There are various types of music therapy in use and a continuing development of insight into how music therapy can be incorporated into management of psychiatric disorders, and as an element of psychotherapy.61A For example, Music therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses is a psychotherapeutic method that uses musical interaction as a means of communication and expression.62 Even though further research is required, in a review last year, it was stated that: ”the aim of the therapy is to help people with serious mental illness to develop relationships and to address issues they may not be able to using words alone.”62A It was found that used as an addition to standard care, music therapy can help people with schizophrenia to improve their global state and may also improve mental states and functioning if a sufficient number of sessions are provided (and attended). NOTE: 63 “According to the view of experts who have done research on music; music existed before language. Abstract concepts, memory, symbols, associations, analogical relations necessary for conversation and speech have evolved and matured with humanity. Together with this, there is in every particle in nature, a unity of melody and rhythm which continues with great order and harmony. In the harmony and rhythm perfection of bird sounds, in the movement of atoms, electrons and galaxies and in the amplified sounds of the fluids of our body, we can observe the relation and association of music with the created world at large. “Music and
music therapy history understanding of the present world, directs us to
collaborate with sciences like anthropology, history, ethno-therapy,
ethno-medicine, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, spirituality and
parapsychology. COMMENT: Neitzsche64may not have agreed with Beethoven65that “Music is a higher revelation than philosophy”, but he went so far as to say that “Without music life would be a mistake.” However, there is a great distinction, or grand divide, between the sounds of Nature and current ‘sounds’ marketed as music. Real music, not the current synthetic heart-beat regulating ‘sounds’ that increasingly depart from what is ‘music’ is often more associated with artificial ecstasy – ‘E’s’, not ease. Music heals because it goes naturally beyond the purely physical; it touches the spiritual dimension and nourishes the soul like a tidal wave flowing inwards ‘on the in-tide’, purging and dispersing the noxious toxins of life from within the body’s ‘temple’ and mind, then flowing out ‘on the ebb-tide’ and away into the infinite where it can no longer harm, leaving the body and mind cleansed and ready to incorporate its healing. Controversial as it may sound, it is not only liberating Jazz and other forms of modern music that appeals to our animal instincts, a great deal of Classical music is also often sexual in appeal - the gradual build up to the crescendos terminating in an explosion of sound is not unlike the sexual act, or as described by Nietzsche: “In music the passions enjoy themselves.”67 But classical music goes beyond the animal instincts; it touches the spirit, for “Music is the mediator between the spiritual and the sensual life”.68 The pounding vibrations of e.g. a modern sounds concert literally vibrate the body and may eradicate these elevated neurotransmitted messages. For after the initial stimulation of ‘being with a crowd’ and visual-brain excitability created by ‘flashing strobe lights’,69 the combination of sounds appealing to the body that are geared to massage the sexual ‘base chakra’, can even orchestrate the actual rhythm of the heart, and may in fact ultimately dull and tire the brain, but do not elevate the spirit. There is obviously something missing, which is probably why dangerous recreational drugs are employed in an effort to replace that which is lost, i.e. ‘the spiritual dimension’. It is a great pity that drugs are seen as an alternative to the ‘beyond the body’ experience when, without disturbing or damaging the temple of the body, as Plato knew and said over 2,400 years ago: “Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and life to everything.”70 References: 1. “Women playing harp while the Sassanid kind is hunting, Taq-e Bostan, Iran.” The Assanid Empire of Sassanian Empiore is the name used for the second Persian Empire (226-651). Ref: Gene R Garthwaits, The Persians, p.2. 2. Quote: Giuseppe Manzzini (2.6.1805-10.3.1872): An Itlaian patriot, philosopher and politician. Mazzini’s efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign pwoers, that existed until the 19th –century. He also helped define the modern European movement for populat Democracy in a Republican State. 3. Quote: George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22.1.1788-19.4.1824) Anglo-Scottish poet and leading figure in Romanticism. He is regarded as one of the greatest Europen poets, and is still widely read. 4. Sound: is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a wave. Sound is characterized by the porperties of sound waves which are frequency, wavelength, period, amplitude and velocity or speed. 5. Quote: Aldous Huxley (26.7.1894-22.11.1963) British writer and Ameican emigrée best known for his novels and wide-raning output of essays. Sometimes critic of social mores, societal norms and ideals, and possible misapplications of science in human life. His earlier concerns might be called ‘humanist’, but ultimately he became interested in ‘spiritual’ subjects like parapsychology and mystically based philosophy. He was considered by some to be a ‘leader of modern thought’. 6. Quote: Victor-Marie Hugo (26.2.1802-22.5.1885) is recognized as the most influential Romantic writer of the 19th –century and is often identified as the greatest French poet. 7. Music of the Spheres: An ancient doctrine originating with the Greeks that implies that the universe and everything in it is in harmony. 8. Quote: Thomas Carlyle (4.12.1795-5.2.1881) Scottish essayist, satirist and historian, whose work was enormously influential in the Victorian era. 9. Quote: Sidney Lanier (3.2.1842-7.9.1881) American musician and poet. 10. Poem: “Leisure” by William Henry Davies (1871- 26.9.1940): Welsh poet and writer. He spent most of his life as a tramp in the United Stated and UK, but became known as one of the most popular poets of his time. 11. ’Music as therapy.’ Kemper KJ, Danhauer SC. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA. South Med J. 2005 Mar; 98(3):282-8. 12. Quote: Berthold Auerbach (28.2.1812-8.2.1882) born Moses (Moyses) Baruch Auerbach German-Jewish poet and author. 13. Quote: Leonard Bernstein (25.8.1918-14.10.1990): An American composer, pianist and conductor, he was the first conductor born in the U.S.A. to receive world-wide acclaims, and is known for his conducting of the New York Philharmonic orchestra. 14. Democritus (born at Abdera in Thrace around 450BC; died c. 370BC) a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher known to Hippocrates. He said: “Nothing occurs at random, but everything occurs for a reason and by necessity.” 15. Quote: Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized 17th December 1770-26.3.1877): A German composer and pianist, he is widely regarded as one of Classical music’s greatest composers, and was the predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. 16. The Harp: Its origns and history of use: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp 17. Ibid 18. Music of Egypt: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt 19. The Harp: Its origns and history of use: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp 20. Hippocrates and Aspirin: http://nhs.sad60.k12.me.us:16080/~russo/Chem_Pages/D1B3review.htm 21. Asclepius (Latin Aesulapius): was the demigod of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology. Ascelpius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts. 22. Pergamon, (Bergama in Turkey): An ancient Greek city, in Mysia, North-western Anatolia that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282-129BC. 22A. Humanistic psychology: a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviourism and psychoanalysis. It is explicitly concerned with the human dimension of psychology and the human context for the development of psychological theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Psychology 23. ‘The clinical effects of music therapy in palliative medicine.’ Gallagher LM, et al. The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine (A World Health Organization Demonstration Project), Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, M76, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. Support Care Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; [Epub ahead of print] 24. ’Harp therapy for cancer patients’ BBC News Online 5th January 2006. 25. Ibid. 26. Thanatology: the scientific study of death. It investigates the circumstances surrounding death, the grief experienced by the deceased’s loved ones, and larger social attitudes towards death. It is primarily an interdisciplinary study, frequently undertaken by professionals in nursing, psychiatry, and veterinary science. It also describes body changes that accompany death and after-death period. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanatology 27. ‘Music thanatology: prescriptive harp music as palliative care for the dying patient.’ Freeman L, et al. Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2006 Mar-Apr; 23(2):100-4. 28. ‘Cultural differences in music chosen for pain relief.’ Good M, et al. Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, USA. J Holist Nurs. 2000 Sep; 18(3):245-60. 29. Ibid. 30. ‘Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people.’ Lai HL. Nursing Department, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China. Geriatr Nurs. 2004 Sep-Oct; 25(5):286-91. 31. Ibid. 32. ‘The effects of Western music on post-operative pain in Taiwan.’ Good M, Chin CC. Frances Payne Bolton, School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4904, USA. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1998 Feb; 14(2):94-103. 33. [Effect of music therapy among hospitalized patients with chronic low back pain: a controlled, randomized trial] [Article in French] Guetin S, et al. Association de musicotherapie applications et recherches cliniques (AM-ARC), 4, place Laissac, Montpellier 34000, France. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2005 Jun; 48(5):217-24. Epub 2005 Mar 4. 34. ‘Reduction in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination.’ Uedo N, et al. Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 Mar-Apr; 51(56):451-3. 35. ‘Effect of music on chronic osteoarthritis pain in older people.’ McCaffrey R, Freeman E. Florida Atlantic University College of Nursing, Boca Raton, Florida 33434, USA. J Adv Nurs. 2003 Dec; 44(5):517-24. ‘Tuning out arthritis pain.’ News. Health News. 2004 Mar; 10(3):7. 36. ‘Effect of music on chronic osteoarthritis pain in older people.’ McCaffrey R, Freeman E. Florida Atlantic University College of Nursing, Boca Raton, Florida 33434, USA. J Adv Nurs. 2003 Dec; 44(5):517-24. 37. Music ‘can ease arthritis pain’. BBC News Online 27th November 2003. 38. Ibid. 39. Music ‘can ease arthritis pain’. BBC News Online 27th November 2003. 40. ‘Therapeutic instrumental music playing in hand rehabilitation for older adults with osteoarthritis: four case studies.’ Zelazny, CM. The University of Kansas, USA. J Music Ther. 2001 Summer; 38(2):97-113. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. ‘Music ‘can reduce chronic pain’. BBC News Online 28th May 2006. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Quote: Dr Sandra Siedlecki, of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. 48. ‘Heart attack risk with pain drugs.’ BBC News Online 1st June 2006. 49. ‘Music improves sleep quality in older adults. 2004’ Lai HL, Good M. [pub. Types: Biography, Classical Article, Historial Article.] J Adv Nurs. 2006 Jan; 53(1):134-44; discussion 144-6. 50. ‘Live music is beneficial to preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit environment.’ Anna S, et al. Department of Neonatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Birth. 2006 Jun; 33(2):131-6. 51. Ibid. 52. ‘Randomixed controlled trial of music during kanagoo care on maternal state anxiety and pre-term infants’ responses. ‘ Lai HL, et al. Department of Nuring. Tzu Chi Medical Centre, Taiwan, ROC. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006 Feb; 43(2):139-46. Epub 2005 Jul 5. 53. ‘Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomized controlled trial.’ Puhan MA, et al. Horten Centre, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. BMJ 2006 Feb 4; 332(7536):266-70. Epub 2005 Dec 23. 54. ‘Outcome Research in Music Therapy: A Step on the Long Road to an Evidence-Based Treatment.’ Nickel AK, et al. Deutsches Zentrum fur Musiktherapieforschung (Viktor Dulger Institut) DZM e.V., Maassstr. 26, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany. Ann N Y Acad. Sci. 2005 Dec; 1060:283-293 55. ‘Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.’ Sendelbach SE et al. Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55407-3799, USA. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006 May-Jun; 21(3):194-200. 56. [The effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis.] [Article in Korean] Kim KB, et al. College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2006 Apr; 36(2):321-9. 57. ‘Music boosts sproting performance.’ BBC News Online 20th October 2005. ‘ The characteristics and effects of motivational music in exercise settings: the possible influence of gender, age, frequency of attendance, and time of attendance.’ Priest DL, Karageorghis CI, Sharp NC. Department of Sport Sciences, Brunel University, West London, UK. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Mar; 44(1):77-86. ‘Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: the Brunel Music Rating Inventory.’ Karagerorghis CI, et al. Department of Sport Sciences, Brunel University, Isleworth, Middlesex, UK. J Sports Sci. 1999 Sep; 17(9):713-24. 58. Music boosts sporting performance.’ BBC News Online 20th October 2005. 59. Persian Daf Drum: Zakariya Yousefi, Daf with its Different Applications, Magham Musical Monthly, Vol. 3, Page 88, 2003. Traditional music therapy in Iran (Persia) 60. ‘Music ‘can reduce chronic pain’. BBC News Online 28th May 2006. Quote: Dr Cathy Stannard, honnary secretary of the British Pain Society. 61. ‘The role of music therapy in psychiatry.’ De Sousa A. Get Well Clinic and Nursing Home, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Altern. Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec; 11(6):52-3. Review. 61A. Ibid. 62. ‘Music therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses.’ Gold C, et al. Faculty of Health Studies, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Study Centre Sandane, Sandane, Norway, 6823. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005 Apr 18; (2):CD004025 62A. Ibid. 63. Note: Music Therapy: by Safer Makina San. http://www.alibaba.com/catalog/11371837/Music_Therapy.html 64. Comment: Quote: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15.10.1844-25.8.1900): A German philologist and philosopher, he produced critiques of contemporary culture, religion, and philosophy centered around a basic question regarding the positive and negative attitudes toward life of various systems of morality. His powerful literary style and subtle approach distinguish his writings. Largely overlooked in his short product life, Nietzsche received recognition during the second half of the 20th –century as a highly significant figure in modern philosophy. 65. Quote: Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized 17th December 1770-26.3.1877): A German composer and pianist, he is widely regarded as one of Classical music’s greatest composers, and was the predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. 66. ‘E’s’ Ecstasy (MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): From National Institute of Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/drugpages/mdma.html Street Names: XTC, X, Adam, hug, beans, love drug. A manmade drug that acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. Short term effects include feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, and increased physical energy. Adverse health effects can include nausea, chills, sweating, teeth clenching, muscle cramping, and blurred vision. [Large amounts of ecstasy can lead to over-heating which in turn can trigger fatal heat stroke. The bulk of ecstasy-related deaths around the world have been young women. Panicking users, fearing they are overdosing drink too much water and provoke hyponaetraemia (water-poisoning) and death. Around 10% of Western users lack a key enzyme CYP2D6 needed to break down MDMA, which make them more sensitive to the effects and more prone to accidental overdose.] http://www.guardian.co.uk/drugs/Story/0,,1746333,00.html 67. Quote: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 68. Quote: Ludwig van Beethoven 69. Strobe Lights/Epilepsy: Epileptic seizures can sometimes be triggered by certain frequencies of flashing or flickering lights. This is a fairly common condition and is known as photosensitive epilepsy. Around one in two hundred people have epilepsy and of these 3.5% have seizures induced by flashing lights. NB: Photosensitivity is more common in children and adolescents, (Rave-age teens) but becomes less common from the mid twenties onwards. http://www.epilepsynse.org.uk/pages/info/leaflets/photo.cfm 70. Quote: Plato (c.427-c.347 BC) An ancient Greek philosopher, whose real name is believed to be Aristocles. A student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues and founder of the Academy in Athens, he wrote on many philosophical issues, dealing especially in politics, ethics, metaphysics and espistemology. Epistemology: the branch of philosophy which studies origin, nature, and scope of knowledge.
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